I just read just enough to get the gist, not all of the details. I understand that you envision photons as particles that oscillate between two states like a pendulum, and that they are detected only if they interact with the screen during the state of expansion. It also seems that you can explain the spacing of the fringes. What about intensity? In wave theory amplitudes are added, then squared to obtain intensity. How do you get your intensity and does it match that from wave theory?
It does match wave theory exactly, In fact my theory matches all the prediction of quantum mechanics, AND has a physical/model to go along with it.
The intensity is completely explained in the paper. “Single Edge Certainty” is the only paper/theory ever offered to physically and realistically explain light phenomena, so please take the time to read the whole paper.
Thanks
Bill, I will read the whole paper, but can you point me to the part of the paper that discusses intensity? I may have more questions as I read through.
Light Intensity has to do with the number of photons impacting with a positive amplitude. Pages 2 through 7 discuss photons, photon trajectories, and the distribution of a single edge. Page 12 through 19 add more details. Page 20 and 21 show what the intensity would look like when you combine a left edge and a right edge to form a slit. Page 22 through 24 show a simulation of the left edge, the right edge and both edges together.
The overall intensity pattern of a slit is just the overlay of the two single edge patterns. The left edge and the right edge patterns form a single slit pattern and when you move the edges to make the slit bigger or smaller you can see exactly where and why the slit pattern changes the intensity locations. Also see (Figure 15) for why billions of individual and coherent photons form a so-called wave.
Here is what I am trying to understand: Say points A and B emit in-phase in all directions monochromatic light with amplitude E0. The intensity at some point C depends on interference: For constructive interference the amplitude is ±2E0, corresponding to intensity 4E0^2 = 4 times the incident intensity per beam, or twice the intensity emitted by the two sources together. For destructive interference the amplitude and the intensity are both 0.
I see how destructive interference works in your picture, opposite phases cancel each other. I cannot see how constructive interference works, because your approach gives twice the energy per incident photon, or energy equal to the total incident energy.
Remember, you still get a pattern even when photon detection is reduced to one at a time. Also remember you still get a pattern when there’s only one edge (or one source) as with a Single Edge Diffraction Pattern. A single edge always has the same diminishing pattern and when you position two opposite edges close enough (Left and right edges forming a slit) then the two single edge patterns overlap each other, creating a built-up beat pattern. Forget about the cancellation, because a patten still forms when your only count the positive impacts. Where the two patterns overlap there are areas with (positive-positive) impacts and areas with Positive-Negative) impacts. But what everyone forgets about is there are also areas with (Negative-Negative) impacts. Together they form a built up pattern even without cancellation.
Could you please rephrase your question. Every photon that registers has the same energy. The pattern is built up by the number of impacts in a particular area of the pattern. Please clarify exactly what you mean by amplitudes and intensities. Thanks.
Could you please rephrase your question. Every photon that registers has the same energy. The pattern is built up by the number of impacts in a particular area of the pattern. Please clarify exactly what you mean by amplitudes and intensities. Thanks.
In constructive interference two waves, each with amplitude E0 and intensity E0^2, meet in-phase to produce a wave with amplitude ±2E0 and intensity (±2E0 )^2 = 4 E0^2. This is twice the intensity of the two waves before interference, which is E0^2+E0^2 = 2 E0^2. The result makes sense to me, it says that diffraction conserves energy but re-distributes it in space, so that some spots are brighter than the sum intensity of the incident waves and others are completely dark. In other words, the dark spots are dark because their energy is distributed over the bright spots.
Now to the particle theory: two point sources emit a photon-particle each and these meet in-phase at some point of constructive interference. The energy registered there is the sum energy of the two photon-particles, 2E_photon, but wave theory says it should be twice that. I don’t see where the extra energy comes from.
At any rate, this is as best as I can explain my question.
The explanation I provide for the derivation of photons or particles results in the generation of bright fringes due to a concentration of positively impacting photons in those illuminated regions. This phenomenon is not attributed to the addition of amplitudes. Essentially, a bright fringe may arise from the presence of 1000 positively impacting photons, while a dark area might only contain 100 such photons. Similarly, the next bright fringe could have approximately 900 positively impacting photons, followed by another dark fringe with 90 positively impacting photons, and so on. The accumulation of positively impacting photons from both sources forms a pattern that aligns precisely with Quantum Mechanics. It is important to note that everything originates from the single edge, rather than the slit. If you have the opportunity, I encourage you to explore the simulators I have created for the single edge, single slit, and double slit setups. They offer a helpful visualization of photon trajectories and the amplitude upon impact.
William H Alsept 
I just read just enough to get the gist, not all of the details. I understand that you envision photons as particles that oscillate between two states like a pendulum, and that they are detected only if they interact with the screen during the state of expansion. It also seems that you can explain the spacing of the fringes. What about intensity? In wave theory amplitudes are added, then squared to obtain intensity. How do you get your intensity and does it match that from wave theory?
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It does match wave theory exactly, In fact my theory matches all the prediction of quantum mechanics, AND has a physical/model to go along with it.
The intensity is completely explained in the paper. “Single Edge Certainty” is the only paper/theory ever offered to physically and realistically explain light phenomena, so please take the time to read the whole paper.
Thanks
Bill
b_alsept@yahoo.com
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Bill, I will read the whole paper, but can you point me to the part of the paper that discusses intensity? I may have more questions as I read through.
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Light Intensity has to do with the number of photons impacting with a positive amplitude. Pages 2 through 7 discuss photons, photon trajectories, and the distribution of a single edge. Page 12 through 19 add more details. Page 20 and 21 show what the intensity would look like when you combine a left edge and a right edge to form a slit. Page 22 through 24 show a simulation of the left edge, the right edge and both edges together.
The overall intensity pattern of a slit is just the overlay of the two single edge patterns. The left edge and the right edge patterns form a single slit pattern and when you move the edges to make the slit bigger or smaller you can see exactly where and why the slit pattern changes the intensity locations. Also see (Figure 15) for why billions of individual and coherent photons form a so-called wave.
LikeLike
Here is what I am trying to understand: Say points A and B emit in-phase in all directions monochromatic light with amplitude E0. The intensity at some point C depends on interference: For constructive interference the amplitude is ±2E0, corresponding to intensity 4E0^2 = 4 times the incident intensity per beam, or twice the intensity emitted by the two sources together. For destructive interference the amplitude and the intensity are both 0.
I see how destructive interference works in your picture, opposite phases cancel each other. I cannot see how constructive interference works, because your approach gives twice the energy per incident photon, or energy equal to the total incident energy.
LikeLike
Remember, you still get a pattern even when photon detection is reduced to one at a time. Also remember you still get a pattern when there’s only one edge (or one source) as with a Single Edge Diffraction Pattern. A single edge always has the same diminishing pattern and when you position two opposite edges close enough (Left and right edges forming a slit) then the two single edge patterns overlap each other, creating a built-up beat pattern. Forget about the cancellation, because a patten still forms when your only count the positive impacts. Where the two patterns overlap there are areas with (positive-positive) impacts and areas with Positive-Negative) impacts. But what everyone forgets about is there are also areas with (Negative-Negative) impacts. Together they form a built up pattern even without cancellation.
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This does not address my last question.
Could you please rephrase your question. Every photon that registers has the same energy. The pattern is built up by the number of impacts in a particular area of the pattern. Please clarify exactly what you mean by amplitudes and intensities. Thanks.
LikeLike
This does not address my last question.
Could you please rephrase your question. Every photon that registers has the same energy. The pattern is built up by the number of impacts in a particular area of the pattern. Please clarify exactly what you mean by amplitudes and intensities. Thanks.
LikeLike
In wave theory, light is an eletromagnetic wave whose electric component oscillates with amplitude E0. The intensity (energy per unit time) that is carried is proportional to E0^2. I am referring to the equation for I_ave in this link: https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/phy2053bc/chapter/energy-in-electromagnetic-waves/.
In constructive interference two waves, each with amplitude E0 and intensity E0^2, meet in-phase to produce a wave with amplitude ±2E0 and intensity (±2E0 )^2 = 4 E0^2. This is twice the intensity of the two waves before interference, which is E0^2+E0^2 = 2 E0^2. The result makes sense to me, it says that diffraction conserves energy but re-distributes it in space, so that some spots are brighter than the sum intensity of the incident waves and others are completely dark. In other words, the dark spots are dark because their energy is distributed over the bright spots.
Now to the particle theory: two point sources emit a photon-particle each and these meet in-phase at some point of constructive interference. The energy registered there is the sum energy of the two photon-particles, 2E_photon, but wave theory says it should be twice that. I don’t see where the extra energy comes from.
At any rate, this is as best as I can explain my question.
LikeLike
The explanation I provide for the derivation of photons or particles results in the generation of bright fringes due to a concentration of positively impacting photons in those illuminated regions. This phenomenon is not attributed to the addition of amplitudes. Essentially, a bright fringe may arise from the presence of 1000 positively impacting photons, while a dark area might only contain 100 such photons. Similarly, the next bright fringe could have approximately 900 positively impacting photons, followed by another dark fringe with 90 positively impacting photons, and so on. The accumulation of positively impacting photons from both sources forms a pattern that aligns precisely with Quantum Mechanics. It is important to note that everything originates from the single edge, rather than the slit. If you have the opportunity, I encourage you to explore the simulators I have created for the single edge, single slit, and double slit setups. They offer a helpful visualization of photon trajectories and the amplitude upon impact.
LikeLike